客语儿向言语的字调声学研究

【外文题名】Acoustic Analysis of the Lexical Tones in Hakka Infant-Directed Speech

【作者】 张国志

【关键词】 checked tone glottal stop tone space clear speech tone Infant Directed Speech 入声 喉塞音 声调空间 清晰言语 声调 儿向言语

【导师姓名】郑明中

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2010

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】暂无

【录入时间】2010-01-01

【全文挂接】 读秀挂接

【摘要】」的聲調分析卻是亟待耕耘的。文獻上針對國語(Liu, Kuhl & Tsao, 2007)和粵語(Xu, 2008)「兒向言語」的聲調聲學研究，發現「兒向言語」整體聲調往上提升，並伴隨聲調的高度發音(hyperarticulation)。值得一提的是，以上研究均未觸及漢語方言中重要的聲調特點，即「入聲」(checked tone)所可能產生的變化。此外，MIPhI Model (Sundberg, 1988)指出，「兒向言語」超音段層次的高度發音，會在嬰孩12個月之後呈現減緩的趨勢。因此，本研究不但是客語「兒向言語」的先聲，更能填補以往「兒向言語」研究在「入聲」方面的不足，並檢視MIPhI Model在聲調語言的適用性。根據張月琴(1995)的聲學研究，四縣客語有六個聲調，分別是陰平(高升)、陽平(低降)、上聲(高降)、去聲(高平)、陰入(高降)及陽入(高平)。配合[i]、[a]、[u]三個元音，本研究共設計了18個雙音節詞，目標字均置於前字，以避免變調產生。藉由Praat語音軟體，本文將16位客家母親的「兒向言語」(嬰兒6~30個月)及「成人對話」予以分析，試著去檢視媽媽對嬰兒說話時，會如何改變聲調的聲學參數-基頻曲線（F0 contour）、基頻均值（F0 mean）、基頻範圍(F0 range)以及基頻斜率(F0 slope)？結果發現，客語「兒向言語」的語音聲學特徵有：聲調提升，聲調音域變寬，聲調升降急遽、聲調曲線明顯等效果。至於「入聲」的變化，因「陰入」與「去聲」同屬「高平」調，在「成人對話」裏，其聲學描繪體現為二條幾乎重疊、帶有微降走勢的基頻曲線；然而「兒向言語」的「陰入」曲線卻分布在較高頻的區域，與「去聲」之間有著明顯的聲學間隔。我們認為，客語「兒向言語」高平調的舒入對比，在基頻相關參數上的變異，肇因於入聲音節結構中的「塞音尾」。在世界眾多的語言裏，「塞音尾」不僅和「喉塞音」（glottal stop）的出現有所關聯，且常為後者所取代（Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996）。「喉塞音」的發聲特徵是：聲門突然地緊縮（Kingston, 2005; Tang, 2008）。由於聲帶緊張度增強，而產生高調作為「喉塞音」的伴隨現象（Ohala, 1973; Zhu, 2004）。其次，本文試著從超語言(paralinguistic)及語言的角度，去詮釋客語「兒向言語」所做的聲學改變。「維持注意力」及「促進情感溝通」是其主要的超語言功能。語言功能方面，除了感知(perceptual)上，聲調訊號的突顯(salient)之外，「兒向言語」聲調空間(tone space)的擴張，使得整體音位(phoneme)格局間的聲學距離拉大，進一步暗示「兒向言語」可能是一種清晰言語(clear speech)，讓嬰兒更容易區分不同的聲調。最後，本研究聲調高度發音的結果，和文獻上聲調習得的年齡相呼應；同時意味著，MIPhI Model在超音段層次上的假設，需考量到印歐語言之外的聲調語言來予以調整。...

【外文摘要】Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) is the special way of speaking that is used when caretakers address infants. Compared with Adult-Directed Speech (ADS), IDS has a unique acoustic signature characterized by a higher fundamental frequency (F0), wider F0 range, and exaggerated F0 contours. Beyond these prosodic patterns, studies show that the phonetic units in IDS are hyperarticulated, making the individual sounds of language more distinct from one another. In Sino-Tibetan languages, tone plays a key role in distinguishing the meanings of words and offers essential prosodic information for speech perception. Albeit a small number of IDS studies have explored acoustic modifications in tone languages, research on Hakka IDS is unheard of. In addition, none of previous IDS studies have ever probed one of the most important tonal features of Chinese dialects, namely checked tones. Plus, based on MIPhI Model (Sundberg, 1988), hyperarticulation of IDS on suprasegmental level has a tendency to dwindle after the infant age of 12 months. Hence, this study is the herald of Hakka IDS studies. It can also complement the IDS research on checked tones and examine the applicability of MIPhI Model to tone languages. Based on Chang s study (1995), Si-xian Hakka has six phonologically distinctive tones: Tone 1 (high-rising), Tone 2 (low-falling), Tone 3 (high-falling), Tone 4 (high-level), Tone 5 (high-falling) and Tone 6 (high-level). 16 mother-infant dyads, with infants 6-30 months of age, joined the recordings. The test stimuli contained 18 disyllable words (6 tones 3 vowels), with the target lexical tones located in the first syllables. PRAAT was employed to fetch quantitative information of the lexical tones of Hakka on four acoustic cues: fundamental frequency (F0) contour, F0 mean, F0 range and F0 slope. Our results suggested that IDS contributed to elevated F0 mean, expanded F0 range, steeper F0 slope, and distinct F0 contour realization. Paralinguistically, the adjustments mentioned could be linked to emotion-attentional functions of IDS. To be noted, the effect of positive affect in IDS was so prevalent that a rising tendency could be discerned along the contours of Tone 4 and Tone 6. Linguistically, Hakka mothers enhanced the acoustic salience of IDS signal by expanding the F0-related measures. F0 range expansion is indicative of more explicit phonetic realization of Hakka lexical tones. The steeper F0 slopes of rise and fall in IDS were used to aid infants tonal identification. As a result, the F0 contours in IDS displayed perceptually more distinct patterns than ADS. Finally, tone hyperarticulation was observed in Hakka IDS. By producing more peripheral tones, Hakka mothers enlarged the acoustic distance between the contrastive tonal categories. This provided infants with perceptually more intelligible and acoustically more distinct speech input and might facilitate the development of phonetic perception in infancy. Of all, the scarce acoustic differences between Tones 4 and 6 in ADS were augmented in IDS due to glottalization of coda stops of high level checked tones. As a result, Tone 6 in IDS disclosed even more pronounced F0 mean, F0 slopes and F0 contours than Tone 4, which is posited to aid infants tonal discrimination. In terms of tone hyperarticulation, our results of Hakka IDS fail to show age-related change between 6-18 month olds and 19-30 month olds. This invites adjustments to the MIPhI Model and converges with the findings in literature that mastery for the production of tones was not achieved before age 30 months....