闽粤边客家地区的历史解析

【外文题名】The Min-Yue Hakka Border Region in Historical Perspective

【作者】 周雪香

【关键词】 闽粤边客家地区 明清时期 社会经济变迁

【外文关键词】 Min Yue Hakka border region Ming and Qing periods socio economic changes

【导师姓名】陈支平

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2005

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】K04,C951

【录入时间】2005-01-01

【全文挂接】 读秀挂接

【摘要】一章绪论，解释选题的缘起及论文思路，对相关的学术史进行概括性回顾，并对基本史料作了简要介绍；最后一章结语，对全文的主要观点作了进一步论述。其他四章主要内容如下：        第二章主要探讨自然地理环境和人文社会环境对闽粤边客家地区早期开发的影响。闽粤边客家地区是典型的山区，境内崇山峻岭，交通闭塞，远离闽、粤两省政治、经济中心，曾是闽越族、畲族、山都等少数族的聚居地之一。从中国移民史来看，汉人迁入这一地区始于秦汉戍卒。但隋唐以前，迁入当地的汉人极为有限。隋唐以后，特别是宋元时期，随着大批汉民的迁入，当地的人口迅速增长，区域开发亦渐次展开。山多地少的自然环境限制了农耕经济的发展，同时也提供了丰富的林业、矿产资源。        第三章论述明清时期闽粤边客家地区人口的内外流动，并对明清两代的人口数据进行详细分析，从而揭示人口变迁与区域开发的关系。宋末元初的战乱，使闽粤边地区人口锐减。此后，随着汉民的继续迁入和生息繁衍，闽粤边地区的人口逐渐恢复、增长，明中叶以后，该地区的人地矛盾开始出现，并日益严峻，逐渐由外来移民接纳地变为人口输出地。文中对造成这一转变的原因进行了深入的分析，并对人口向外流动的内部差异展开论述。        第四章论述明清时期闽粤边客家地区经济的市场化趋势。闽粤边客家地区相对恶劣的农业生产环境一方面束缚了当地经济的发展，另一方面也迫使一部分人去寻求稻作农业生产以外的其他生业。特别是在明中叶以来全国商品经济发展的影响下，随着交通条件的改善和人口流动的活跃，闽粤边客家地区与外界交流日趋频繁，从而使经济发展出现了新的趋势。蓝靛、烟草、苎麻、茶叶等经济作物广泛种植，造纸业、印刷业、制烟业、矿冶业等手工业发展迅速，与闽粤沿海的“山海交换”及与赣南地区的“盐粮贸易”推动了商品经济的繁荣和城乡市场的活跃。        第五章主要探讨区域开发与社会文化变迁的互动关系。明中叶以来，闽粤边客家地区人口流动的频繁和经济的市场化趋势，促进了该地区的社会文化变迁。商人阶层不断发展壮大，在家族和地方乡族社会中发挥越来越重要的作用；家族组织得到强化，妇女在家庭经济和家庭生活中起重要作用；人们的职业、财富、义利、教育观念逐渐发生变化，社会风气由简趋奢；教育和科举迅速发展，民间文化日渐兴起。                            ...

【外文摘要】In the past few decades, in their study of Chinese social and econmic history, scholars at home and abroad have paid close attention to the historical evolution of traditional Chinese society through careful investigation of regional societies. Addressing socio-economic changes in the Min-Yue Hakka border region in the Ming and Qing periods, this dissertation probes into different factors that had their bearings upon the regional development and the interaction between the regional development and socio-cultural changes. It is devided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces why the author chooses this topic and how she organizes the dissertation. It provides a general review of the literature and summarizes majors sources. The last chapter serves as a conclusion. The other chapters are as follows.    The second chapter concerns the effects of physical and human environments on the early development of the Min-Yue Hakka border region. The border region is a typical mountain region, with steep hills and poor traffic, far away from the political and economical centres of the two provinces, and once dominated by the minority groups of Yue, She and Shandu. The Han Chinese’s immigration in the region can be traced back to garrison soldiers in the Qin and Han periods. However, it was not until Song and Yuan periods that the number of Han Chinese immigrants reached significant point. With more and more Han Chinese moving into the region, population increased rapidly and the region was opened up gradually. Filled with hills and short of land, the natural environment of this region greatly restricted the development of the agricultural economy on the one hand, and provided bounteous of forestry and mineral resources on the other.    The third chapter discusses the internal and external migration in the Min-Yue Hakka border region, provides a detailed analysis of population figures in the Ming and Qing periods, and thus reveals the relationship between demographic changes and regional development. Although the social disorder during the Song-Yuan transition depopulated the region dramatically, the following immigration and natural growth of population contributed to the recovering and growth of local population. Since the mid-Ming, the man-land ratio became increasingly worsened. As a result, the region changed from the migrants’ destination to an area where people moved outward. The study provides an in-depth analysis to this change and discusses the internal differences of the outward movement of local population.    In the fourth chapter, the author provides an inquiry into the rise of market-oriented economy in the Min-Yue Hakka border region. The rough agricultural environment of the region became a barrier to the development of local economy on the one hand, it forced some residents to seek means of living other than rice production. With the development of market economy especially in the mid-Ming, and with the improvement of transpotations and the free movement of population, inter-regional economic exchange became increasingly intensified and economic development showed new orientations: the widespread planting of cash crops such as indigo, tabacco, ramie, and tea, the rapid development of handicraft industries such as papermaking, printing, tabacco-making, and mining and metallurgical industries, and the prosperity of commercial economy and the vigor of urban and rural markets prompted by “mountain-coast exchange” with Min-Yue coastal regions and “salt-grain trade” with southern Jiangxi region.    The fifth chapter investigates the interactions between regional development and socio-cultural changes of the region. Since the mid-Ming, with frequent population movement and the rise of market-oriented economy, the region’s socio-cultural landscape changed correspondingly. More and more people were engaged in commerce and merchants played more and more important roles in lineage and local affairs. Lineage organizations were strengthened and women became important in household economy and family life. Local people’s ideas of profession, wealth, righteousness and benefit, and education were changed gradually. Most People were no longer frugal and conspicuous consumption became popular. Educational condition improved and more and more local sons made success story in the civil service examination. Finally, popular culture also arose.         ...