基督教文化在广东的历史扩散及其与本土文化的冲突与融合

【外文题名】The Historic Diffusion of Protestant Culture in Guangdong and Its Conflict and Fusion with Local Culture

【作者】 薛熙明

【关键词】 基督教文化 历史扩散 文化冲突 文化融合 广东

【外文关键词】 Protestant culture historical diffusion cultural conflict cultural fusion Guangdong.

【导师姓名】司徒尚纪

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2008

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】G0,I236.65,B97

【录入时间】2008-01-01

【全文挂接】 万方挂接 读秀挂接

【摘要】义浓厚的传统社会来说，基督教的扩散模式及动因机制是什么，基督教文化如何与本土文化冲突与融合，基督教文化景观有何特点，又是如何演化的，基督教文化区是怎样实现其内部演变和对外扩展的，这一系列问题都值得深入思考。文献研究表明：西方以基督教为主体的宗教地理研究已经日趋成熟，不但出现了传统文化地理学和新文化地理学研究模式，也产生了宗教生态学和社会地理学研究倾向；相对而言，中国大陆对这一领域的研究还处于起步阶段，尚需加强。这也是本研究的动机所在。广东作为19世纪以来基督教进入中国大陆的第一站，受到基督教文化的长期影响，是中国沿海基督教发展的典型区域之一。本文通过对基督教文化在广东的历史扩散的研究，力图对上述问题进行系统阐释，并得出一些具有普适意义的结论，以对中国沿海地区基督教文化扩散的研究有所借鉴。本文首先对基督教在广东扩散的地理基础进行分析，进而梳理出基督教文化历史扩散的线索，总结出基督教文化在广东的扩散模式和影响扩散的多个因子；其次，从本土化的角度出发，就基督教文化与广东本土文化的冲突与融合分别进行了阐述；再次，采用神圣空间理论对基督教教堂和神学文化景观进行分析，并对基督徒和基督教人才景观进行人口统计分析，以把握基督教文化景观的基本特质；最后，在全球化的视野下对广东基督教文化区的形成、演变、扩张的过程和影响机制进行了剖析。通过研究和分析，本文主要结论如下：（1）广东独特的地理环境和社会人文条件是来华西方传教士首选此地传教的重要原因。在以人口和交通为主导的多种因子的影响下，基督教文化在广东的空间扩散采取迁移扩散、等级扩散、传染扩散，以及特有的海岛型跳板扩散模式，呈现出由口岸到腹地，由沿海到内陆的指向特征。（2）由于文化性质的差异，基督教文化与广东本土文化的冲突不可避免。这也是基督教文化在全球扩展时所遭遇的本土抵抗。本文尤以教案为例，对二者直接冲突的演变过程和分布特征进行了计量分析。文化融合与文化冲突交互进行。基督教在广东的本土化恰是文化融合的产物；同时，广东本土社会亦在基督教文化的影响下出现了诸多新的变化特点。（3）广东基督教教堂建筑、神学院校课程学制的演变，以及圣经方言译本的出现，都反映了基督教的本土化进程。在广东基督教文化景观的长期演化过程中，基督教神圣空间还与外部世俗空间相互渗透。广东基督徒特征的演化过程不尽一致，这同乡族社会与城市社会的分野密切相关；具有核心影响力的基督教人才文化景观在珠江三角洲地区的集中分布，则反映了教会对文化中心地社会资源的有效利用。广东基督教文化景观处于不断运动之中，既有时间上的历史沉积运动和社会分层运动，又有空间上面对外来因素的冲击-反应机制。（4）由于历史时期传教路径的关系，广东基督教文化区形成了三大核心区和外缘区。在行政区划、政治制度、经济类型、移民和交通方式的影响下，广东基督教文化核心区的实力和范围都发生了明显的变化：珠江三角洲核心区在20世纪后半期有所衰落，而粤东潮汕和粤东北客家核心区则得到加强；直至21世纪，前者又逐步恢复生机。在20世纪全球跨境移民潮流的推动下，广东基督教文化区还不断向外扩展，形成了海外的广东基督教文化圈。本文的主要学术贡献在于：对国内区域宗教文化地理研究进行了有益的补充；将历史文献分析法、计量分析法、GIS技术、以及问卷访谈调查等多种研究方法综合运用于文化地理学研究，既避免了因方法单一而造成研究结果的局限性，也是对既有研究倚重于历史文献的改进；合理运用了文化扩散理论、宗教学的神圣空间理论等跨学科理论，并以实证研究对上述理论进行完善和补充，体现了文化地理研究中与西方理论对话的必要性和可能性。但囿于对国内基督教研究资料，特别是当代社会基督教发展资料获取的难度，本文对于今日广东基督教文化扩散的分析还不完善；另外，在基督教内部的文化多元性、基督教信仰与本地社会经济发展强度的关系、基督教墓园文化景观、城乡二元结构社会中的基督教文化等方面，本文还有进一步拓展研究的空间。...

【外文摘要】　 As a world religion, dissemination of the Protestant culture has caused enormous social changes worldwide. In China there exists a polytheistic religious culture conflicting with the monotheistic ideology of Protestant. The very fact that Protestant came into China following the invasion of imperialist forces often puts Protestant in a huge anti-foreign category. Therefore for a country like China, where its traditional society is rooted in Confucianism with a strong utilitarianism, it is of special significance to pay attention to and study the following issues, i.e. the diffusion modes and cause- response mechanism of Protestant, conflict and fusion of the Protestant culture with the local one, characteristics and evolution of the Protestant culture as well as the internal transformation within and the external expansion beyond the area of the Protestant culture.Literature shows that the study of religious geography based on Christianity in the West is becoming a mature academic discipline, in which besides traditional study of cultural geography, some trends like neo-cultural geography, religion ecology and social geography have come into being. Relatively speaking, study of religious geography in mainland China is still at the starting stage and needs to be intensified. This is also the motive of this research. Guangdong, as the first station where Protestant enters into mainland China, has been long influenced by the Protestant culture. Thus it is a typical one for the study of the Protestant development in China’s coastal regions. Through the research on the historical diffusion of the Protestant culture in Guangdong, this dissertation tries to give systematic explanations to the above issues, draw some conclusions applicable to the general conditions and to provide reference for the further research of the diffusion of the Protestant culture in China’s coastal areas.First, this dissertation analyses the geographic foundation, on which the Protestant culture diffuses in Guangdong, finds the clue to the Protestant culture’s historical diffusion, and then summarizes its diffusion pattern in Guangdong's and various factors which influence the diffusion. Second, in the view of localization, the dissertation studies the conflict and the fusion between the Protestant culture and the local one in Guangdong respectively. Further more, the dissertation provides an analysis on church and theological cultural landscapes by applying the theory of “sacred space”, and on Protestants and Protestant talents by population statistic method, to find the basic characteristics of the Protestant cultural landscape. Finally, in the view of globalization, this dissertation analyzes the process of the formation, evolution and expansion of the Guangdong Protestant culture area and the influential mechanism. Such research and analysis lead to the following conclusions. (1) The unique geographical environment and the social human conditions in Guangdong are the main reasons why Western missionaries regarded it as the first destination when coming to China in Qing dynasty. Being influenced by various factors, especially those of the population and transportation, the diffusion of the Protestant culture in Guangdong took the patterns of relocation diffusion, hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion and springboard diffusion___ a special diffusion in which an island is used as a “springboard” for the mission. Thus the spatial diffusion of the Protestant culture in Guangdong has a prominent characteristic__ from port to inland and from coast to interior. (2) Due to the cultural differences between the Protestant culture and the local one in Guangdong conflict is inevitable, which also can be regarded as the local resistance to a foreign culture in the tide of global diffusion of the Protestant culture. Taking missionary case as an example of direct cultural conflict, the dissertation undertakes a quantitative analysis on the evolution and features of the distribution of such conflicts. The cultural fusion and the cultural conflict are intermingled. While the localized Protestant is one of the results of the cultural fusion, Guangdong’s local culture has also experienced many changes under the influence of the Protestant culture. (3) Evolvement of the church architecture, curriculums and educational system in theological colleges as well as the appearance of dialect edition of Bible reflect the localization course of Protestant. During the long term evolvement of Guangdong Protestant cultural landscape, the sacred space and secular space are mutually penetrated. The characteristics of the Guangdong Protestants differ in areas, which is correlated with the difference between rural society and urban one. The concentration of Protestant celebrities in Pearl River Delta area reflects church’s effective use of the social resource in cultural center areas. Guangdong Protestant cultural landscapes are moving constantly, including historical deposition movement and detached stratum movement in the dimension of time, and response mechanism to deal with the external impacts in the dimension of space. (4) Under the influence of missionary route in history, three core districts and their own edge ones appeared in Guangdong Protestant Cultural Area. Affected by factors of administrative division, political system, economic pattern, migration and transportation, the power and territory of each core district experienced remarkable changes___ the Pearl River Delta core district began to decline while that in east and north-east Guangdong strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. In the 21st century the former is recovering gradually. Pushed by the tide of global immigrant, Guangdong Protestant Cultural Area keeps expanding externally, thus overseas Guangdong Protestant Cultural Circle has been formed.The main contribution of the dissertation lies in the following. It is a beneficial supplement to domestic regional geography of religion culture. Various methods are used, including historical document analytic method, quantitative analytic method, GIS technology as well as questionnaire and interview method, etc. The synthesis utilization of such approaches in the cultural geography research not only avoids the limitation of a research by a single method, but also improves the research relying mainly on historical documents. Some interdisciplinary theories, such as sacred space theory and culture diffusion theory of religion, etc. have been used rationally, which in return, have been further improved and supplemented by means of empirical approach. This demonstrates the necessity and possibility of communication between eastern and western theories in culture geography research.However, due to the inadequacy of literature of domestic Protestant, especially of contemporary Protestant, in the dissertation the analysis on the present diffusion of the Protestant culture in Guangdong still needs to be improved. Moreover, there is still room in this dissertation for further research on the internal cultural diversity in Protestant, the relationship between Protestant belief and local social-economic development, the Protestant churchyard as a cultural landscape, and Protestant culture in a dual- structure society composed of urban and rural areas....