岭南疍民文化景观研究

【作者】 吴水田

【关键词】 岭南 疍民 水环境 文化历程 文化景观

【外文关键词】 Lingnan Tangka Water environment Cultural process Cultural landscape

【导师姓名】司徒尚纪

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2011

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】P901,K928.6

【录入时间】2011-01-01

【全文挂接】 读秀挂接

【摘要】统说明疍民文化与环境之间关系的研究现状，本研究的目的是发挥地理学在区域性和综合性方面的研究特色和优势，深入探讨疍民文化发展的历史空间过程；重点在于系统梳理疍民文化景观，揭示疍民文化形成与环境、陆上居民及上层建筑之间的内在联系，探寻疍民文化所反映的人地关系规律。论文主要通过文献蒐集法、实地调查法、深度访谈法、历史还原法等开展研究，特别注重地图表现法的应用。 从疍民生存的地理环境分析，岭南具备河海交汇、水资源丰富的自然环境，处于高温多雨的热带、亚热带季风气候区，生物资源丰富。疍民文化的起源为世代生活于岭南的古越族人，疍民祖先虽由于各种原因移居水上，但在当时水上居住条件相对优越等因素是早期吸引他们以水为生的主要原因，后期受战争、社会动乱、政治避害诸多因素的影响，不断有陆上居民加入疍民群体，其文化空间不断发展和延续。 岭南疍民族群遗存了滨水生活、断发纹身、擅长操舟等古越族人的文化特征，在居住、饮食、语言、宗教崇拜与信仰等文化景观方面具有水环境的烙印，又具有明显的地域分异。在生产文化方面，突出耕河、耕海文化，并以水产捕捞、水产养殖、水上运输、沙田耕作为代表，其经济文化形态经历了单一到多样、农业到城市服务业的发展过程，凸显从传统农业文化到海洋商业文化多元共存的转型过程。在居住文化景观上，疍民经历了舟居、水栏及窝棚、岸上渔民新村的文化过程，其景观形态从水到陆。在饮食文化上突出了以水产品和大米为主食，有生食习惯的特点，其中具有特色的艇仔粥文化形态已经融入粤菜小吃体系中。在婚嫁文化方面，突出了舟娶、水上婚宴等水上婚俗文化特色，但目前已经不具有原生态性。疍民语言有明显的地域分异，岭南西部、南部和中部以粤方言为主，岭南东部、东北部分别以闽南方言、客家方言为主，同时出现了以粤方言为主的多个方言岛，其中珠江三角洲等地的咸水歌成为疍民独特的语言文化景观。在宗教与民间崇拜方面，以崇拜天后、北帝、龙母等司水、护水神灵为主，其迷信色彩和笃信鬼神的氛围浓于陆上居民，并存在崇拜文化的地域差异。由于疍民特殊的生活环境和低等的社会经济地位，清代至民国期间广州、潮州等城市出现了疍女从事娼妓业的文化现象。自唐代开始，历代封建王朝为收税设置了不同的机构管理疍民，尤其以明代的河泊所设置成为疍民制度文化的代表。在上述文化景观的分析过程中，始终贯彻水文化为核心的主线，即一方面是疍民对江海水体的利用和适应，水环境影响疍民文化的特质；另一方面是疍民与陆上族群围绕水资源的使用权、所有权形成的各种对立与利用关系，深刻折射出水文化中的人地关系。 从疍民的空间聚集过程分析，其文化扩散以人口流动为主要表现，以珠江三角洲为核心，沿江、沿海呈辐射式扩散和跳跃式扩散两种模式，并形成了“大杂居、小聚集”的人口空间分布特点。按照文化地理学区域划分原则及粤方言、闽南方言、客家方言等岭南三大方言类型划分成三个不同的文化区，各文化区在空间分布上与岭南广府、福佬、客家三大民系的分布基本一致，同时也有间隔分布的文化岛。从保护特殊族群文化的角度出发，应通过建立疍民博物馆、申请非物质文化遗产目录等手段保护疍民文化。同时，充分利用疍民在历史时期的特色文化和生产生活经验，通过旅游开发等方式，实现疍民文化保护、传承与发展的多赢局面。...

【外文摘要】The protection and development of special ethnic culture is one of the main focuses in today's society, and is also the focus of cultural geography. Tangka is a special ethnic group who live on water in southern China in history. The basic characteristic of Tangka ethnic culture is living on boat and the main cultural form is plowing sea and river. Tangka and its offspring are still in the place of disadvantaged groups. Based on the above consideration, the purpose of the research is to utilize research characteristics and advantages of geography in terms of region and comprehensiveness to discuss the process of historical space development of Tangka culture, to focus on systematic order of the culture landscape of tangka, to reveal the inner relationship between the forming of Tangka culture and environment, land residents, and the superstructure, and to explore regulation of man-land relationship from Tangka culture. Analyzing from the geographical environment of Tangka, Lingnan is place with river-sea interaction, its water resource abundant. In high temperature rainy tropical and subtropical monsoon climate zone, it enjoys abundant biological resources. The origination of Tangka culture is from ancient tribe Yue who have lived in Lingnan for generations. There are various reasons why people become Tangka, while the most important reason is the advantage of water living condition at that time. And because of the late, due to war, social unrest and political refuge and other factors, some land residents joined Tangka group, and thus the culture space of Tangka develops and continues. Tangka of Lingnan keeps the custom of ancient tribe Yue, such as keeping waterfront life, broken hair tattoo, and being good at boating, etc. It has the imprint of water environment in life, diet, language, religious belief and other cultural landscapes and it also has obvious regional differentiation. In production, the outstanding culture form is plowing river and sea. Fishing and raising aquatic product, transporting, and farming of sandy field are its representations. Its economic and cultural form of development process is from a single to diversity, from agriculture to city services, and showing transformation process which is from traditional agricultural culture to coexistence with marine commercial culture. In residential culture landscape, Tangka has experienced from boat living, shack and water column, to fishermen village. Its landscape form has changed from water to land. In the diet culture, the aquatic product and rice are the main food, and eating raw food is the characteristic. Its boat porridge of diet culture which has been integrated into the system of Guangdong snacks. In marriage culture aspects, it highlighted cultural characteristic of boating marriage and aquatic wedding. But at present there is no original ecology. The languages spoken by Tangka are obviously regionally different. They mainly speak Cantonese dialect in west, south and centre, Minan dialect and Hakka dialect in east and north primarily. At the same time, it forms some dialect islands where most of them speak Cantonese dialect. The salty-water song becomes unique cultural landscape in Pearl River delta. In religious and folk worship aspects，they worship Gods of giving and protecting water such as Mazu, North God and Dragon Mother, etc. Its superstitious color and belief in ghosts are stronger than land residents, and the worship culture exists with regional differences. Due to the special living environment with lower socioeconomic status, it forms a culture phenomenon that some women of Tangka become prostitutes in Guangzhou city and Chaozhou city during Qing Dynasty and Republic of China. Since Tang Dynasty, the feudal dynasty began to set up different administrations for taxes. Especially in Ming Dynasty it had set up the river administration which became representative of institution culture of Tangka. In the process of the analysis, it has been found that culture landscape always implement the water culture into the core of mainline. On the one hand, water environment impacts cultural characteristics of Tangka with the usage and adaptation of water; On the other hand, Tangka and the land people form a relationship of opposite and mutual usage surrounding the right of water resource. It deeply reflects man-land relationship in water culture. Analyzing from the space aggregation process, population flow is the main expression of its cultural diffusion. The Pearl River delta is the centre; it spreads along the coast and the river and becomes two patterns: radiation form and leap form; And it has population movement characteristic of “large in mixed residence, small in aggregation”. According to cultural geography regional classification principles and three types of dialects, we can classify three different cultural areas. Its spatial distribution mostly corresponds to the distribution of their clans. There are also interval distribute culture islands. Speaking of protection of special ethnic culture, it is suggested that Tangka museums should be established, and intangible cultural cultural heritage list should be applied for in order to protect Tangka culture. Meanwhile, making full use of characteristic culture and production and life experience of Tangka, we should develop coastal tourism to realize mutual winning situation of protection, inheritance and development of Tangka....