革命的地方性：中共领导的广东土地革命研究（1927-193

【外文题名】The Revolutionary Endemicity: the Research of the Agrarian Revolution in Guangdong Province(1927-1934) Led by CCP

【作者】 刘昊

【关键词】 中国共产党 土地革命 广东 地方性

【外文关键词】 the CCP the Agrarian Revolution Guangdong Province endemicity

【导师姓名】汪朝光

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2010

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】D231

【录入时间】2010-01-01

【全文挂接】 知网挂接 读秀挂接

【摘要】或地下活动,发起反抗国民党的暴动和起义,建立苏维埃政权和革命根据地,开展土地革命运动。为了领导土地革命,中共在广东尽力恢复和壮大组织系统,并借用各种名义,以不同的形式,力求普遍建立共青团、赤色工会、农会、济难会等群众组织。在暴动和起义胜利后,迅速组建苏维埃政府,推动土地革命的深入。但无论是群众组织还是苏维埃政权,只是中共夺取政权、管理政务的工具,由此导致中共党组织与群众组织和苏维埃政权之间的关系颇为微妙,原本领导与被领导的关系,常被异化为包办与被包办的关系,反而不利于充分发挥群众组织和苏维埃政权的革命能动性。同时,中共为迅速扩大党组织而一度采取的“拉郎配”方式,虽使组织的人数剧增,但也使组织人员混杂,降低了组织的战斗力。中共在广东发动土地革命所需的经费和物资,在苏维埃政权建立之前,主要来源于对革命对象的罚款和没收,往往比较充裕；苏维埃政权建立之后,主要依靠各种税捐,逐渐入不敷出,甚至出现严重的财政危机。大约从1929年起,中共领导的广东土地革命成效欠佳,经济困难是重要原因之一。广东土地革命时期,中共通过大量艰苦细致的工作,从小的经济斗争入手,尽力在广东各地发动农民、妇女、青年、工人运动。中共在广东组织的兵运,虽无很突出的业绩,但在全国仍是一枝独秀。此外,中共还在广东城市和港澳恢复了济难总会及其组织系统,以慈善社团的名义,公开救助因从事革命活动而遭迫害者及其家属,在普遍救济的前提下区别对待,为中共保存了一批骨干力量,增强了中共组织的凝聚力。但是,中共在广东的上述工作,都曾受到“左”倾路线的严重影响,没有充分发挥其成效。中共在广东领导的土地革命,以武装暴动的方式夺取政权,建立根据地,几遍及广东全省各地,其中以东江地区最具代表性。但在没收并分配土地的过程中,“左”倾政策提出“没收一切土地”,由此采取“烧毁一切田契”和“掘平田界”的方法,严重损害了农民的利益和感情,打击了农民参加土地革命的积极性；而失去广大农民的真诚支持和热心参加,土地革命是不能成功的。可见,土地革命的成败,在很大程度上取决于中共土地革命政策的正确与否。由于广东的地理位置、文化传统、民俗风情、历史源流等等因素的共同作用,中共在广东领导的土地革命具有浓重的地方性色彩。首先,广东的土地革命发生在土著与客家杂居的粤文化区,文化风习与他省有显著区别,民间武器极多,宗族械斗常见,中共化宗族械斗为阶级斗争的革命方式,在广东较别处更有作用。其次,广东深受国民革命的影响,中共领导革命的基础较好,且不仅在广东大陆领导的革命轰轰烈烈,而且在广东各海岛尤其是海南岛发动的革命斗争也是如火如茶,成为基础雄厚、海陆兼备的革命。再次,广东毗邻港澳。香港由于其特殊的政治、地理因素,成为中共领导广东土地革命的策源地之一；而香港和澳门又是革命者比较安全的“避风港”。广东是第一次国共合作破裂后中共武装反抗国民党、开展土地革命时间最早、波及面最广的地区之一,因此,中共在广东领导土地革命的成败得失,不仅关系到中共在广东的发展,也是涉及中共全党工作的问题。中共领导广东土地革命失败的经验教训主要是：首先,没有在革命进行的过程中认真总结,从成败得失中吸取教训,从而改正工作中的错误,也没有针对广东的地方特点,保持地方工作的独立性。其次,没有正视、改造农民的缺点,忽视以至压制知识分子的作用,不能使革命具有持续性发展的特性。第三,没有理顺集权与民主的关系,没有培养党员的独立思考精神和民主意识,从而无法根据广东地方的特殊性,作出适宜的决策。...

【外文摘要】The Guangdong agrarian revolutionary (1927-1934) led by the CCP took place against the background of national revolution as a result of KMT-CCP cooperation and the lasting northern expedition in the mid-1920s. Guangdong Province was the base of the national revolution. The CCP used various favorable conditions to launch the Peasant Movement. The organization was deeply rooted in the countryside and laid firm foundations for the Guangdong agrarian revolutionary afterwards. When KMT-CCP cooperation broke down, the CCP members in Guangdong immediately entered the countryside or had to go under. They initiated insurrections and uprising against KMT, established Soviet regime and revolutionary base, and developed the agrarian revolutionary movement.In order to lead the agrarian revolution, the CCP in Guangdong managed to resume and strengthen the organization system. The CCP tried to establish mass organizations such as the Communist Youth League, the red union, the peasant association and so on in different names and forms. After the victory of riots and uprising, swiftly, the Soviet government was set up, and furthered land revolution. But mass organizations and Soviet government were just tools for the CCP to seize state power and govern the people. Thus the relationship between the CCP organizations and mass organizations, and Soviet government was so subtle. The relationship between leading and being led was alienated into a relationship between monopolizing and being monopolized, so that it was not so good for mass organizations and Soviet government give full play. At the same time, in order to enlarge its organization, the CCP once absorbed all people without any necessary check. The organization did enlarge rapidly, but the complexity of the members reduced the battle effectiveness of the organization.Before the Guangdong Soviet government was set up, the funds and materials which the CCP needed to launch agrarian revolution, mainly came from fining the revolutionary objects and confiscation, which was often abundant. Yet, after Soviet government was set up, the CCP mainly relied on various taxes. Gradually, income fell short of expenditure and thus financial crisis appeared. From about 1929 on, Guangdong agrarian revolutionary under the leadership of the CCP was not successful. Economic difficulty was one of the important reasons.During the Guangdong agrarian revolutionary, setting about the small economic struggle, the CCP did its best to arouse peasants, women, youth and workers. Although there were not outstanding achievements, the Soldier Movement led by CCP was the most effective in China. In addition, the CCP resumed the Relief Headquarters and its organization system in cities of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. Always in the name of charitable societies, the CCP publicly assisted those who were persecuted for revolutionary activities, and also their family. Under the premise of relief in general, the CCP treated them differently. These activities saved the backbone of the CCP, and strengthened its organization's cohesive force. However, these work were greatly influenced by left lines, thus, they could not work efficiently.The CCP led Guangdong agrarian revolutionary, seized state power with armed uprisings, and founded revolutionary base almost all over the whole province. Dongjiang was the most typical representative. But in the process of confiscating and distributing land, leftist policy requested confiscation of all land, only burning all land deeds and digging ridge, which hurt seriously the interests and feelings of peasants, dampened peasant's initiative to participate agrarian revolutionary. Without peasant's sincere support and heartily participation, the agrarian revolution could not be successful. So the success of agrarian revolution largely depended on the CCP's correct agrarian revolutionary policy.Due to the geographical location, traditional culture, folk customs and historical origin of Guangdong,...