论客家生态民俗文化的哲学意义及现代价值

【外文题名】On the Ecological and Folk Culture of Hakkas: Philosophical Connotation and it’s Values for Modern Times

【作者】 谢连生

【关键词】 客家族群 生态文化 和谐社会

【外文关键词】 the ethnic group of Hakkas ecological culture harmonious society

【导师姓名】欧阳志远

【学位名称】硕士

【学位年度】2006

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】B1

【录入时间】2006-01-01

【全文挂接】 万方挂接 读秀挂接

【摘要】分析其哲学基础和在现代社会具有的价值。文章基于对客家生态民俗文化的研究述评，综合运用生态哲学、客家学、文化生态学的学科方法，主要从哲学的角度来审视区域文化与生态环境之间相互作用的辩证关系。 客家生态民俗文化蕴涵于客家文化各要素中，它在物质文化、交往与精神文化、制度文化等方面都有体现。客家物质文化、交往与精神文化、制度文化是客家族群在特定地理环境中经过漫长的历史砥砺逐渐形成的，其中蕴涵着客家族群在山区生产和生活的丰富经验。在物质文化方面，客家人因地制宜，形成了“梯田稻作”的生产方式、围龙屋的民居形式和适于山地环境的饮食、服饰文化，其中，“梯田稻作”是一种高效、环保的生产方式，它奠定了客家人在山地环境中生存和发展的物质基础。在交往与精神文化方面，客家人秉承中原传统，经过与土著居民的融合，形成了自己的方言、礼数和人地观念。方言和礼数对客家族群的稳定和繁荣有重要的意义，是客家社会得以凝聚和延续的基本纽带，人地和谐观念则是在艰苦环境中优化生存方式的意识。在制度文化方面，客家人的族群体系和宗族制度大体继承了中原传统，根据在新环境中生产和生活的经验，又发展出封山育林的乡规民约。在历史上，客家生态民俗文化曾经对客家地区的生态保护起了重要的作用，即使在现代社会，也仍然有积极的意义。在现代化过程中，客家物质文化、交往与精神文化、制度文化都受到相当程度的冲击，面对挑战和机遇，客家文化应当进行一种特定的现代转型。 区域文化的形成和发展是以特定的地理环境和人文环境为基础的，客家文化也不例外。由闽西、粤东和赣南构成的客家大本营地区是客家生态民俗文化的地理基础，相对封闭的地理区位使客家文化得以长期延续，丘陵地貌、湿润多雨的气候以及丰富的水资源使“梯田稻作”成为可能。从人文基础来看，客家文化除了秉承中原传统之外，还在移民过程和山地环境中受多种文化的影响。在迁徙过程中，客家人接受了多个文化副区的影响，来到定居的山地环境中又与土著居民（主要是百越族）相互融合，从而使客家文化呈现出多元化的特点，但在总体上还是汉文化的一支。客家生态民俗文化的发展经历了三个阶段：宋元的形成——明至清初的成长——清末至今的反复。在漫长的演化过程中，虽然历尽劫难，但是客家文化顽强的生命力却一直不减，尤其是在改革开放后，客家文化甚至还出现了继续进化的势头。 从哲学上来看，客家生态民俗文化是儒家传统“天人合一”观在特定地理环境中的特殊表现形式，其内核是宋明理学。客家文化与宋明理学有密切的联系，赣南地区在宋明理学的产生和发展中起了重要的作用，正是历史的机缘，使宋明理学成为客家文化的内核。宋明理学对客家文化的一个重要影响，就是儒家“天人合一”观的继承和发扬。“天人合一”观讲求人与自然的和谐，是儒家文化中处理人与自然关系的基本准则，它对生态环境具有积极的保护作用。在此基础上，还衍生出人与人和谐的观点，这与西方的“人类中心主义”形成了鲜明的对比，为人与自然的协同进化提供了可资借鉴的思想。客家人在“天人合一”观的基础上，形成了不过不及的自然改造观和兼容并蓄的文化协同观，这是适应和改造地理环境的区域文化特色的体现。当然，客家生态民俗文化也有内在的缺陷，“天人合一”观要求自然合乎人类社会的“理”，本质上也是一种“人类中心主义”，而科学精神的缺失则使客家生态民俗文化没有达到真正的生态学要求的境界，失去了进一步进化的内在动力，这种状况的产生在古代中国社会环境中也是一种必然。对于客家生态民俗文化，要全面、客观的看待，认真地分析它的哲学基础，从根本上吸取其积极成份、摒弃消极因素，这是对待客家传统文化应有的态度。 作为一种土著文化，客家文化在当代是否还有意义，这是一个值得深入探讨的问题。在“全球化”语境中，文化的价值是逐渐趋向同一，但实际上文化的多元化却是全球文化发展的趋势。在多元文化中，土著文化理应有自己的一席之地。土著文化中蕴涵着土著居民在特定环境中的生存经验，这是人类共有的文化遗产。在现代化过程中，传统文化常被视为现代化的障碍，从而在各种主客观原因的作用下发生断裂。实际上，传统文化对现代化的作用是辩证的，并非总是现代化的障碍。要保护土著文化，必须要正确处理土著文化与传统文化及外来文化的关系，还要正确处理经济发展与文化保护的关系。此外，要加强民间文化教育，可尝试建立文化生态博物馆，对土著文化进行系统的保护和开发。 因此，客家生态民俗文化不仅具有重要的历史意义，而且也将为客家地区的现代化提供文化支持。要实现人与自然的协同进化，应当从文化演变的总体过程及演化趋势的比较中去寻找答案。多元化是全球文化发展的趋势，坚持多元化就必须抵制西方文化霸权主义，尽力保护和客观评价土著文化。...

【外文摘要】The Hakkas is a race of the Han nationality,it formated in the west of FuJian province、east of GuangDong province and south of JiangXi province, in the longterm practice of production and living,a special regional culture came into being gradually in the Hakkas area. The research about the Hakkas before generally em- phasized it’s cultural headstream and ethnic group systems, but neglected the relation of culture and environment. Therefore, the article emphasized to investigate the eco- logical idea in each factors of the Hakkas culture, and the natural and humanities factors that brong this kind of idea, and analyzes its philosophical foundation and values for modern times. The article bases on the investigation and review of the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas, the comprehensive usage the method of ecological hilosophy、 Hakkas study、 cultural bionomics, to scan the dialectical relation about interaction of regional culture and ecological enviroment from philo- sophical angle mostly. The ecological and folk culture of Hakkas is contained in each factors of the Hakkas culture, it incarnates in the physical culture, intercoursed and psychic culture, institutional culture.The Hakkas engendered gradually these culture in particular geography environment for the secular historical temper, among them contain abundant experience that the Hakkas producing and living in the mountainous area.At the aspect of physical culture, the Hakkas conformed to environment, the people who created the mode of production of “growing the rice in the terraced fields ” 、the inhabitation fashion as WeiLong house ,and is suitable for the food, the dress culture of the mountainous country environment, among them,the “growing the rice in the terraced fields ”is a kind of efficiently mode of production of environmental protection, it established the material foundation that Hakkas exist and development in the mountainous country environment.At the aspect of associated and spirit culture, the Hakkas take orders Central-Plains traditional,through the syncretizing with autochthon residents, formed own dialect, etiquette and custom,and the idea of the relation between persons and ground.The dialect, etiquette and custom have important significance to the stability and prosperities of the Hakkas, is the basic that the Hakkas society agglomerating and continuing, a harmonious idea of person and ground is a consciousness that optimizing the survival fashion in hard environment.At the aspect of institutional culture,the Hakkas ethnicity system and the phyle system inheritted Central-Plains traditional mostly, according to the experience producing and living in the new surrounding, and then developed the rules to seal the mountain and protect hurst.On the history, the the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas has ever had the important function to the ecosystem protection of the Hakkas region, even in the modern social, still had the considerable significance.In modernization process, the physical culture、associated and spirit culture、institutional culture have been impacted in considerable degree, face the challenge and opportunities, the Hakkas culture should carry on a kind of particular modern transformation. The formation and development of the regional culture take particular geography environment and the humanities environments as basal, the Hakkas culture is not exception.The Hakkas supreme headquarters that make up of the west of FuJian province、east of GuangDong province and south of JiangXi province is the geography foundation of the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas, the geography niche of the opposite closing can make the Hakkas culture continued over a long period of time, the physiognomy hill、the clouding weather and abundant resources of waters make “growing the rice in the terraced fields ”as possible.See from the humanities foundation, the Hakkas culture is in addition to take orders Central-Plains traditionally, still immigrating to be affect by various cultures in the transmigrant process and the mountainous country environments.In change residence process, the Hakkas accepted the influence of several areas of vice- culture, the mountainous environment that arrive at to settle down in again with the aborigines ( mainly is BaiYue clan) blend mutually, thus making the Hakkas culture present a diversified characteristics, but at total up still a embranchment form the Han nationality culture .The development of the Hakkas ecosystem people's custom culture experienced three stages:The formation of the Song and Yuan dynasty——pullulation form Ming dynasty to in the early Qing dynasty——reiteration form the late Qing dynasty to nowadays.In long-term evolve process, although came through all kinds of the utmost difficulties, but the stubborn vitality of the Hakkas culture hasn't been reduce, even still appears a direction that continues to evolve especially in the reforming and opening. Come up to see from the philosophy, the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas is the special manifestation that the Confucianism tradition “the oneness of Heanen and Man” view is in particular geography environment, i t inside the pit is the LiXue (the confucian philosophy developed in Song and Ming dynasties.The Hakkas culture and the LiXue have the close contact, the south of JiangXi province has the important function in the creation and developments of LiXue, because of the opportunity of history, make the LiXue to become the kernel of Hakka culture.There is an importance influence to the Hakkas culture come from LiXue, is inheriting and developing the Confucianism“the oneness of Heanen and Man”view . “the oneness of Heanen and Man” view stresses the person make friends with nature, is the basic standard that the confucianism handles the relation of person and natural relation, it has the aggressive protection function to the environment. On this foundation, even spread out the standpoint of the person should make friends with each other, it is a clear contrast with the “anthropocentrism” of west, it afford an idea that evolve person and nature together. Hakkas fashioned the natural reformation view and compatible culture view on foundation of“the oneness of Heanen and Man”view,this is the embodiment that region culture adapt and alteration geography environment now.Certainly, there are some disfigurements in the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas, “the oneness of Heanen and Man”view requests the nature to conform to the mankind the “reason” of the society, is also a kind of“anthropocentrism” essentially, and the imperfection of science spirit then makes the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas didn't state that attain the real ecology request, losing the inside motive of the further evolution, the creation of this kind of condition also is a kind of in ancient and Chinese social milieu inevitable.For the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas, want to be overall and treat objectively, analyze it’s philosophical foundation in earnest, absorb its logical composition and abandon the negative factor by the root, this is the attitude that treat traditional culture of the Hakkas should be. As a kind of aboriginally culture, the culture of Hakkas is in the modern times whether still meaningfully, this is a worthy of thorough study of problem. In the “globalization”language, the values of the culture inclines to be same gradually, but actually cultural of diversification is the trend that global culture development.In multi-culture, the aboriginally culture should have own place. There are existent experience in the aboriginally culture about aborigines in the particular enviro- nment, this is the cultural inheritance that the mankind have corporately. In the process of modernization, the traditional culture was often be regarded as the obstacle, then breakeen under the various subjective and external resons.Actually,the action that traditional culture to modern function is dialectic, not always the obstacle of modernization. To protect the aboriginally culture, must deal with the relation of the traditional cultures and foreign culture appropriately, and the relation about the development of economy. In addition,must to strengthen the civil cultural education, can try to build up the eco-museum of culture, carry on the protection and the deve- lopment of the system to the aboriginally culture. Therefore, the ecological and folk culture of Hakkas not only have the important history meaning, and but also will provide the cultural support for the modernization of the Hakkas region.To carry out the person and nature to be in conjunction with the evolution, should to find the answer in the total process turn into from the culture and the comparison of the evolutive trend. Diversification is the trend that global culture develop, persist the diversification must to boycott the western cultural hegemonism, make an effort to protect and objective evaluate aboriginally culture....