清代濁水溪中游的開發

【外文题名】The development on Jhoshui River middle reach areas in Ching Dynasty

【作者】 張永楨

【关键词】 舉人 秀才 社丁首 分類械鬥 書房 聖蹟亭 社學 留養局 義渡

【外文关键词】 Lieo Youn Bureau Shen Chi Ting Private schools community schools Certified Students First Degree Scholars Charity Ferry aboriginal bluecoat leader fen lei hsieh tou

【导师姓名】暂无

【学位名称】暂无

【学位年度】2007

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】P343.1

【录入时间】2007-01-01

【全文挂接】 读秀挂接

【摘要】大抵都循濁水溪幹流及其支流溯溪而上，由西向東推進。濁水溪及其支流因河谷較寬廣，視野較開闊，成為漢人入墾的天然路徑；沿岸又有沖積平原和丘陵地及臺地，不但交通較方便，而且適合拓墾定居。就拓墾時間先後而言：先是竹山和名間最早，在明末清初開始被拓墾；其次是集集、鹿谷地區，在乾隆年間已被拓墾；最後是水里和日月潭地區，在嘉慶、道光年間以後逐漸被拓墾；至清末光緒年間，整個濁水溪中游地區已經被漢人拓墾殆盡。拓墾過程中，彰化及嘉義地區之豪強勢力介入甚深，或直接投資拓墾；或強佔他人產業並從事拓殖；甚至勾結社丁首及官府進行違法偷墾，取得各族群之土地。其拓墾方式以民招民墾之墾首制及自墾自耕制為主；少數為官莊或番屯制，此乃因此處山多平地少，可耕地零散分佈，適合小規模之拓墾，故大多由小墾首及自耕農拓墾。由於其拓墾較台灣西部平原稍晚，又因平地較少，土地所有權分化較不嚴重，故其土地所有型態以一田二主之墾首制為主；其次為官莊及自耕農所有；亦有少數屬於寺廟、留養局、義渡或各族群所有之土地，一田三主之情形甚少。濁水溪中游之拓墾過程中，清政府曾經四次劃界立碑禁止漢人進入番界拓墾，但漢人卻不斷偷墾界外之各族群土地，被官府查出後，官方卻因治安之考量，將其就地合法化，故濁水溪中游之拓墾過程中，漢人是侵略者，但為生計所迫；各族群雖為被侵略者，但其不夠勤奮及貪得漢人財貨，想不勞而獲、坐收地租，亦需自負土地流失之相當責任；至於官府及各族群之頭目、通事、社丁首等人，則扮演暗中協助之角色。整個濁水溪中游之拓墾，除清末光緒年間實施開山撫番以後屬合法拓墾外；其餘大多在違法偷墾下進行開發。濁水溪中游地區經過鄭氏及清代漢人二百餘年的拓墾，在乾隆年間已經是一個漢人經濟與人口佔優勢之社會，各族群失去土地後，不斷地往山區退去。漢人村莊總數達一百餘莊，人口總數約二～三萬人左右，其居民大多為來自台灣西部彰化、嘉義兩縣地區之二次移民，祖籍以漳州籍為最多，佔居民80%以上，其次則為泉州籍和客家籍，追念祖籍之意識較為淡泊，故宗族組織不盛。未見分類械鬥發生，除了因為宗族領導者自制外，宗族規模較小，且大多同為漳州人，又面臨各族群之威脅，漢人必須團結互助，無暇分類械鬥；另外，可墾荒地較多，經濟競爭較不嚴重，亦為其因。濁水溪中游地區至清末臺灣改隷日本統治前夕，可耕地已被拓墾殆盡，不但街莊繁榮，交通四通八達，而且宗教蓬勃發展，寺廟如雨後春筍先後設立。書院、書房、社學及文社等紛紛出現，考中秀才、舉人者數十人，文風日益興盛，聖蹟亭之興建相當普遍，顯示出讀書人受到社會之敬重，成為社會領導階級，整個社會型態已由早期之移墾豪強社會，逐漸轉變成文治之士紳社會。...

【外文摘要】The cultivation of Zhuoshui River middle reach areas by the Chinese began during the Zheng government, established in the beginning of Ching Dynasty, namely between Kang-Qi and Yong-Zheng s reign; and reached its peak in the time between Ch ien-Lung and Chia-Ch in reign. After Dao-Kung government, it left only the hilly land and marginal land available to be cultivated. Shortly before Japan took over Taiwan in the end of Ching Dynasty, the cultivation was close to accomplishment. The routes of the cultivation: except the cultivation of the upstream of the tributary Ching-Swe River, some cultivators came from today s Yuling and Gukeng, downstream from south to north, to develop Tong-Tou and Neiliao of today s Jhushan; the other land was cultivated by the people generally came upstream along the main current of Zhuoshuixi and its tributary, from west to east. Because the river valley of Zhuoshui River and its branch was broad and the field of vision was open, it became the natural way which the Chinese entered to cultivate. Also there were the silting alluvial plain, the hilly ground and the tableland along the coast, which was not only convenient for the transportation, but also suitable for the development and settlement.According to the succissive periods of the cultivation: Jhushan and Mingjian were firstlycultivated in the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Ching Dynasty; secondly Jiji and Lugu area in Ch ien-Lung reign; finally Shuei-Li and Sun-Moon Lake area between Chia-Ch in and Dao-Kuang reigns. By the end of the Ching Guangxu Dynasty, the entire Zhuoshui River middle reach areas was already developed completely by the Chinese.During the cultivation process, the illegal powers in Changhua and Chiayi area got deeply involved. They either made an direct investment to the cultivation, or they forcibly took over the property of other people and worked on the cultivation. They even collaborated with the aboriginal blue coat leaders and authorities to carry on the cultivation illegally, obtaining the land of each ethnicity. The main ways of cultivation were inigation (people-recruiting-people) and self-cultivation systems. The other ways were the authorized village and aboriginal bluecoat cultivated systems, it was because in the area there were mountains more than plains and the cultivated lands were scattered all over, which was suitable for small sized cultivation and therefore for the small landlord and self-cultivation farmers. The cultivation of this area was taken place later than Taiwan western plains and its plains were less than the west so that the distribution of ownership was less serious. The types of ownership was mainly one land two owners system; secondly the authorized village and self-cultivation farmer ownership system. Also there were lands which could be belonged to temples, Lieo-Youn Bureau , Charity Ferry or ethnicities. The one land three owners system was quite seldom.Ching government has four times made demarcation and official prohibition on pillars to prevent from entering the ethnicity cultivation during the Jhuoshuei River middle reach areas cultivation, however, the Chinese still illegally cultivated the boarderland which belonged to the ethnicities. Although it was found out by the government, but under the consideration of public security, the authorities has legalized it, granting the Chinese the ownership. Therefore, during the cultivation, the Chinese were the invaders for making living. Although the ethnicities were the invaded, but due to their laziness, greed for the Chinese wealth, and their wanting to gain without labor, they themselves were to blame for the loss of land as well. As for the authorities and chiefs, interpreters and aboriginal blue coat leaders of ethnicities, they were the persons who have encouraged it to happen. Except the cultivation during the Kuang-Shu reign of Ching Dynasty was legal, most part of the cultivation of Jhuosuei River middle reach ar...