中国大陆客家聚集区自然环境对区域发展的影响研究——重点对梅

【外文题名】Study on the Impact of the Natural Environment to Regional Development in Hakkas Area in Mainland of China____Focusing on the Meizhou-Longyan-Ganzhou(MLG)Hakkas Area

【作者】 钟声宏

【关键词】 自然环境 客家 梅州——龙岩——赣州客家聚集区 区域发展 区域可持续发展

【外文关键词】 Natural Evironment Hakkas the Meizhou Longyan Ganzhou(MLG

【导师姓名】周永章

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2008

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】P931.2,F061.5

【录入时间】2008-01-01

【全文挂接】 万方挂接 读秀挂接

【摘要】件的区域发展模式及产业结构优化。本研究取得如下结论和认识：1、中国大陆客家人居分布范围广，空间上基本上与泛珠江三角洲合作区域一致。客家人聚集区具有共同的特点：居住地理环境以山地、丘陵为主，自然生态良好，讲客家话，文化上崇文重教，经济普遍以农业为主线，对外交流兼有封闭性和开放性。2、梅龙赣客家聚集区是世界上客家人居住最集中和最有代表性的地区，位于广东、福建、江西三个行政省的边缘山区。该区内地理条件相似，地域毗邻，文脉相通，血脉相联，文化均质，共同处于一个有机的统一整体之中。3、自然环境是影响客家经济、文化形成与发展的重要因素。梅龙赣客家聚集区的主要优势表现在特殊的地理区位和地貌条件，丰富的光热、矿产、山地、森林、水资源，良好的原生态环境，自然保护区面积大。但是该区存在诸如耕地少、能源短缺、人才短缺、资金缺乏等制约因素，面临着资源生产效率低、生态环境恶化等挑战。4、客家聚集区在自然环境与经济、文化发展的互动关系中，经历了3个明显的阶段：（1）1949年以前，受区域自然环境约束，生产方式以游耕、山耕为主，属典型的自然经济阶段；（2）1949年后，由于地处山地、丘陵地带，长期的计划经济体制束缚，形成了资源开发与农业生产并重的区域发展特点；（3）改革开放以来进入市场经济阶段，区域发展条件得到大幅度改善，产业结构在新的环境条件下，不断得到优化和调整。历史上，赣州开发最早，汀州次之，梅州最晚。但随着区域发展重心由内河向沿海转移，梅州得以确立其在粤东北客家地区的政治、经济、文化中心地位，并成为闻名中外的世界“客都”。赣州是赣南的政治、经济中心，是中原进入岭南的必经之地，扼“五岭之要冲”。福建石壁被称为客家祖地，汀州是早期闽西客家经济、政治、文化中心。解放后，龙岩成为闽西的政治、经济、文化中心。5、受综合地理因素的影响，客家聚集区物态、心态、制度、行为等文化既持久地保留了中原传统文化特点，又吸收并融合了土著民族文化元素，在碰撞、规避、制衡等冲突形式以及竞争、适应、富集等协调形式基础上形成了客家文化生态系统。是传统文化在特定生态环境中孕育和积淀的，是对地方生态文化行为中的生态感知和生态反馈，是特定区域人群基于自然、环境、资源特点而确定的处理文化——环境关系的行为和方式，是特色鲜明的文化群落。6、客家聚集区空间上处于沿海和内陆的过渡地带，紧邻珠三角经济区，是海峡西岸经济区的重要组成部分，属于次沿海地区。泛珠三角经济圈的提出，把该区从偏远的山区，推到了泛珠各省区域合作的前沿，区位的重要性进一步凸现。作为一个综合地理单元，具备环境优势、资源优势和后发优势。该区的发展方向是成为沿海发达地区的生态屏障、自然资源储备地、水源保护区和后续发展的腹地。7、客家聚集区区域发展面临很好的发展机遇: 市场经济的兴起，对外交通条件的大幅改善，发达地区的产业转移，以及自身的区位优势、生态优势、后发优势、文化优势的作用，基于自然条件的新一轮全国国土功能区划与生态服务功能价值补偿等日益受到重视。泛珠区域合作的提出为客家聚集区的发展提供了一个新的平台。受自然环境约束，区域发展面临的挑战主要来自：梅、龙、赣分属不同省区行政主体对区域发展进程的影响、资源生产效率低下、对新一轮全国国土功能区划的适应、工业化背景下生态环境的保护及人文优势的褪色等。8、通过对三大产业结构的定量与定性分析显示，目前客家聚集区产业结构不协调，地区产业发展不平衡，产业特色不突出。其原因主要来自产业内部、自然环境的约束及政府的政策导向。实施生态经济发展模式、区域合作模式是客家聚集区区域发展和可持续发展的必然选择。9、区域发展综合竞争力评价显示，新罗区区域发展综合力强，章贡区与梅江区综合竞争力次强。县及县级市区域发展综合竞争力前五位依次为梅县、兴宁市、上杭县、永定县、南康市。3个地级市中，龙岩市区域发展综合竞争力强，偏好；梅州市区域发展综合竞争力次强；赣州市区域发展综合竞争力偏弱。10、基于包括综合地理要素在内的区域发展综合竞争力评价的结果指示，自然环境对客家聚集区区域经济、文化发展作用明显，具备生态服务功能价值补偿动力、区域合作动力、自然优势动力、后发优势动力、文化动力等多种动力机制。...

【外文摘要】　 The Hakkas area is a special physiographic region in the mainland of China. However, there has been little academic study on the interaction between natural environment and regional development. This thesis focuses on analyzing the natural condition of the Meizhou-Longyan-Ganzhou (MLG) Hakkas area where three provinces Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi adjoin to each other, analyzing the interaction and evolution between natural environment and regional development, revealing the space and time evolution and environment response characteristics of the regional development, analyzing the influence of the natural environment on Hakkas culture, and discussing the regional development pattern and industrial structure optimization on the basis of its natural condition.It is concluded that:(1) The Hakkas in mainland of China are widely distributed; the area is almost coincident with the Pan-Pearl River Delta cooperation-region in spatial distribution. Included among the common special characteristics in the Hakkas areas are: the housing geographical conditions in the mountainous and hilly district; the good natural ecology; speaking the Hakka language; culturally advocating both polite letters and martial arts; mainly agricultural economy and both closed and open external exchanges.（2）The MLG Hakkas area is the most centralized and representative one over the world, located on the edge of the mountainous districts of three administrative provinces Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi. Adjoining to each other, these districts form an organic whole with similar geographical conditions and cultural traditions, frequent economic and cultural contacts between them, relatively low economic development and homogeneous culture. （3）Natural environment has great influence on the Hakkas economy and culture forming and development. The advantages of MLG Hakkas area are as follows: the special geographical position and landforms; rich light, heat, minerals, soil, forest and water resources; good primitive environment; big nature reserve zone. On the other hand, there are such constraints as less cultivated land, shortage in energy, a scarcity of human resources and fund, etc. The area is faced with the challenges of low resources production efficiency, worse ecological environment, and so on.（4）The development of Hakkas area has come through three marked stages in the interaction between natural environment and economic growth: (a) The typical natural economy stage before 1949, when the leading production mode was, restrained by regional natural environment, shifting agriculture and mountain cultivation; (b) The regional development stage after 1949, when great importance was attached to development of natural resources and agricultural production because it is located in the mountain and hill regions and restricted by a long-term planned economy; (c) The market economy stage since the reform and open policy, when the regional development condition has improved on a big scale, and the industrial structure has increasingly gained optimization and adjustment under a new natural environment. In the histories of the three cities, Ganzhou was developed earliest, followed by Tingzhou and Meizhou; but with the focus of the regional economy development shifting from the inland river to the coastland, Meizhou has established its status as the political, economical and cultural center in the Hakkas area of Northeast Guangdong Province and become a well-known “Hakkas Capital” at home and abroad. Ganzhou is the economic and political center of South Jiangxi province and the only way by which people come to Lingnan from Central Plains, its location is very important. Shibi is called the place of Hakkas ancestor, and Tingzhou is the economic and political center of West Fujian province in early time. After the liberation, Longyan became the political and economic center. （5）Affected by the comprehensive geographic elements, the Hakkas culture such as state of matter, mentality, system, and behavior both lastingly retains the traditional cultural characteristics of the Central Plains and absorbs and integrates the elements of indigenous culture. Thus the Hakkas culture ecosystem forms on the basis of such conflict forms as collision, avoidance and balance and such coordination forms as competition, adaptation, enrichment. It is the breeding and accumulation of the traditional culture in a specific ecological environment, the ecological awareness and ecological feedback of local eco-cultural behavior, the specific region crowd’s behavior or manner to handle the relations between culture and environment based on based on the nature, the environment, the resources characteristic, and the cultural community with distinct features.（6）The Hakkas area is spatially located in the coastal and interior zone of transition, closely neighbors on the Pearl River Delta economic zone, which is the important constituent of the Taiwan Straits West Bank economic zone belonging to the inferior coastal area. As the concept “Pan-Pearl River Delta economic circle” is advanced, this area from the far away mountainous district, comes to the front in the regional cooperation among the provinces of Pan-Pearl River Delta, whose position is of more distinct importance. As a comprehensive geography unit, with the environment advantage, the resources advantage and late-development advantage, the development direction of this area is certainly to become the ecological barrier to the coastal developed area, the natural resource reserve, the water source protectorate and the following development center.（7）The Hakkas area is faced with very good development opportunities: Emergence of the market economy; great improvement of external communication condition; industrial transfer of the developed area; and the function of its own geographical advantage, ecological advantage, late-development advantage and cultural advantage; what’s more, based on the natural condition, the new turn national territory function regionalization and the ecology service function value compensation ecological transfer payment becoming increasingly important. The putting forward of the cooperation of Pan-Pearl River Delta provides a new development platform for the area. However, restrained by the natural environment, the regional development is facing some main challenges, for example, the different provincial administration subjects of Meizhou, Longyan, and Ganzhou influence the regional development advancement; resources productivity is low; it needs adjustment to the new turn national territory function regionalization; the ecological environment needs protecting under industrialization background; humanities advantage is fading; and so on..（8）By means of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of three industrial structures, this thesis shows that at present the industrial structure in the Hakkas area is uncoordinated industrial structure, the local industry development is not balanced, the industrial characteristic is not prominent. The reasons mainly come from the industry itself, the natural environment restraint and government’s policy guidance. The Mei-Long-Gan Hakkas area must implement the ecological economy development pattern and regional cooperation pattern.（9）The appraisal of regional development comprehensive competitive power shows that Xinluo area is strong; Zhang Gong area and Mei Jiang area second; Meixian County, Xingning City, Shanghang County, Yongding County, and Nankang City rank in turn the first five among various counties (cities), while in three prefectural-level cities Longyan City is strong, Meizhou City second, and Ganzhou City weak.（10）Based on the results of the appraisal of regional development comprehensive competitive power including the comprehensive geographic element, this thesis concludes that the natural environment of the area has a transparent impact on the Hakkas regional economic and cultural development, and has many kinds of power mechanism such as the ecology service function value compensation power, the regional cooperation power, the natural advantage power, late-development advantage power, the cultural power, and so on....