广东客家山歌的当代传承——梅州和广州的个案考察

【外文题名】The Contemporary Inheritance of Guangdong Hakkas Folk Song --The Research from Meizhou and Guangzhou

【作者】 揭英丽

【关键词】 客家山歌 口头传统 当代传承 广东

【外文关键词】 Hakkas folk song Oral tradition Contemporary inheritance Guangdong

【导师姓名】林岗

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2007

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】I207.7,I236.65,TS422

【录入时间】2007-01-01

【全文挂接】 读秀挂接

【摘要】妇女文化等方面描述了客家山歌存在的文化系统。在这样的文化中，客家人口耳相传形成口头传统程式，包括格律、传统主题单元、引子和衬词、对歌形式等方面。社会的急剧变革导致广东客家山歌在二十世纪发生了巨大变迁。山歌从山坡田野走向了城镇，其赖以生存的文化生态系统发生变化，其山歌传承模式也呈现多样性。山歌的变迁轨迹反映了当代民俗文化的丰富多彩。客家山歌由歌手继承、创造和传播。本研究将当代客家山歌歌手分为民间艺人、业余歌手和专业歌手三种类型，以山歌歌手的世界为研究视角，通过三类歌手的经历来展现客家山歌的现代传承过程。作为山歌文化的传承人，民间艺人和业余歌手主要由民间培育，他们的表演保持着客家山歌的传统核心因子，而专业歌手担负舞台展示的任务，专业歌手在革新方面走得较快，如果双方能够相互补充完善，在保持“山歌味”的基础上进行创新，客家山歌的变迁才是持续的。在当代客家山歌的发展过程中，山歌不再自由自在。山歌民众唱山歌消遣娱乐，他们出于对山歌的忠诚，是客家山歌在当代复兴的真正力量；山歌协会连接着山歌发烧友和政府，搭建多种层次的山歌表演的舞台；政府部门充当了客家山歌“发明”过程的导演，将客家山歌意识形态化，使之成为实现政治经济利益的文化手段；知识分子从不同方面提出保护和传承的策略；民俗产业把客家山歌打造成文化品牌，成为民俗产业的特色资源；大众媒体也参与到这一重构活动。多元的参与者奏响了发展客家山歌的共鸣。在当代的文化语境下，客家山歌的传播方式、文化空间和传承关系发生变化。除了原有的“口头文本”，“书面文本”和“音像文本”范围和影响逐渐加强，客家山歌总体的传播范围扩大，但是传播的密度缩小。客家山歌的活动空间极大萎缩，山歌场成为最重要的山歌传承和传播空间。客家山歌有了多层次的传承方式，也就有了复杂的传承关系。客家山歌的传承方式出现多样性，文化生态变得复杂。客家山歌在表演中获得生命，每一次表演都是不同的文本。歌手表演“带着枷锁跳舞”，在遵循山歌基本程式的前提下，根据现实的表达需要进行创编。歌手的表演是在听众的参与下完成的，这种直接交流和分享就是口头文学的魅力。每次表演都是部分再现传统，程式阐释表达的方式，传统阐释表达的内容。表演遵循俭省律则，歌手尽可能采用传统的表达方法。表演还坚持场合原则，唱什么山歌要看场合，情歌唱到什么程度也要看场合。文化场域制约着山歌表演的内容和形态。通过对广东客家山歌的当代传承的考察，我们发现，当代社会急剧变迁，导致口头传统在传承人、参与者、传承方式和功能等方面都发生了变化，呈现多样性和复杂性。客家山歌当代传承的经历表明，民俗在二十世纪末出现复兴，是传统和现代撞击的结果。...

【外文摘要】　 The dissertation discusses the contemporary development of Hakkas folk song in Guangdong based on the typical researches from Meizhou and Guangzhou areas. Though focusing on the practical and cultural context of Hakka song oral inheriting, the author tries to suggest the change and continue of Guangdong Hakka folk song with the multiple forces, and reveal the contemporary development route of the oral literature. The dissertation focuses on the basic attributes, the structural pattern, the inheritance dynamics as well as the cultural ecology of the oral traditional literature inheritance, through its creation, performance and diffusion.The dissertation reviews Hakka folk song’s headstream in the period of ShihChing, and then describes the traditional cultural ecological system of Hakka folk song. In the cultural system, the Hakka people constructed the folk song’s traditional oral formula, which included poetry rules, traditional subject units, actor's opening words and lining word, the contest's form and so on. Due to social transformation, the traditional formula of Hakka folk song is changed greatly in the 20th century. First, Hakkas folk song has entered the cities and towns from the rural. Second, its traditional cultural ecological system was changed. Third, its multiple inheritance approaches have been come into being too. Fourth, its changes present the multiplicity. The singers create and spread the Hakkas folk song, which are divided into three types in this research, such as the folk actor, the amateur singer and the specialized singer. Based on the investigation, the author tries to analyze the contemporary inheritance of Hakka folk song through several singers’ cases. As the inheritors of folk song culture, the folk actors and the amateur singers are mainly cultivated by the folk society. Their performances keep Hakkas folk song traditional factors. The specialized singers sing for the scenic exhibition. In the development of contemporary Hakkas folk song, its inheritance patterns have being multiple. First, the fans sing the folk songs for entertainment based on their loyalty with Hakka folk song. And they are the true force reviving Hakkas folk song at the present age. Second, the folk song associations connect the fans and the government, and provide a lot of performance chances. Third, the government is the director of Hakka folk song’s “innovation”, who brings the political ideology into Hakkas folk song for political and economic aims. Four, the intellectuals advocate the protection and inheritance strategy of Hakka folk song. Five, the folk cultural industry works on and looks Hakkas folk song as the special folk cultural resource. Six, the mass media also participates to this reconstruction of traditional oral culture. In conclusion, the multiple participators act together to keep and inherit Hakkas folk song.Under the contemporary cultural environment, Hakkas folk song’ dissemination way, cultural space and inheritance relations are changed. Except original “the oral text”, the scope and the influence of “the written text” and “the audio and video” gradually strengthen, so the overall dissemination scope of Hakkas folk song expands, but the density reduces. Hakkas folk song active space enormously withers, which becomes the most important folk song inheritance and the dissemination space. The Hakkas folk song has not only the multi-level inheritance way but also complex inheritance relations. The inheritance way of Hakkas folk song appears the multiplicity, while the cultural ecology changes complex.The oral tradition obtains the meaning in the performance, and each performance is all the different text. The singers’ performances are “bring the shackles to dance”. Under the basic formula, they needs to carry on according to the reality expression compose. And the singers' performances are successful under audience's participation. This kind of direct exchange and share is the oral literature charm. Each performs partly reappears tradition. The formula expresses the way, and the tradition expresses the content. Moreover, according to the economical law, the singer tries to express by traditional method. In addition, the singer sings different folk songs according to the situation. Based on the investigation and analysis on contemporary inheritance of Guangdong Hakkas folk song, the author suggests that the rapid and great social changes make the oral traditional culture changed in its inherits, participators, inheritance ways and functions, which have led the “tradition” to be multiplicity and the complexity. In conclusion, the oral tradition’ revival at the end 20 century is the result of the impact between traditional and modern....