“焗”：粤西峰村的婚姻与社会建构

【外文题名】“Ju”：Marriage and Social Construction in Feng Village

【作者】 邹伟全

【关键词】 婚姻 社会建构 妇女 客家 少数民族 村落 焗

【外文关键词】 Marriage Social construction Women Hakka Ethnic minority

【导师姓名】周大鸣

【学位名称】博士

【学位年度】2012

【学位授予单位】暂无

【所属分类】K901.8,C95,C913.1,C913.68

【录入时间】2012-01-01

【全文挂接】 读秀挂接

【摘要】人数也很有限。在峰村，维持村落秩序的是客家人的社会与文化传统。一个建构与被建构的博弈过程蕴含其中。聚焦这样一个村落情境，立足人们的生活世界，通过展现具有地方特色的婚姻制度与地方社会建构之间的关联，笔者试图探究：村落情境中捆绑式婚姻保持稳定的机制；农村婚迁妇女的生命历程及其对村落生活世界建构的意义；村落情境中的社会建构对于村落发展的意义。 基于底层历史与日常生活叙事的视角，对人们的生活世界进行参与观察，是本研究采取的主要方法。本文首先展现的是峰村的婚姻缔结状况以及妇女婚姻生活，接着从峰村人的生计和精神世界来揭示峰村人的内部建构。随后，考察峰村人的社会结构，进一步发掘峰村人的内部建构机制。在此基础上，再反观峰村的被建构过程及展现正在进行的被建构现象，从中反映一个整体性意义的峰村。 “焗”源出当地人话语，本意是指一种利用蒸汽使密闭容器里的食物由生变熟的烹饪方式。其引申的含义可指向：一、积极意义的“焗”，指一种自洽的、缓慢的变化或调节过程，强调特定的时空氛围，即需要的时间比较漫长、而空间相对封闭。对于焗的对象有一定的要求，只要是适合的对象，焗的效果将是正面的、积极的。二、消极意义的“焗”，强调的是一种受限制的状态或一种被动的状态转换过程。本文认为，峰村的婚姻与社会建构诸多层面大略带有以上所指积极或消极意义的“焗”的特点，主要涉及：村落整体的身份建构与认同、婚姻缔结、外来媳妇的生活适应、生计与精神世界、村落结构与秩序、村落的被建构过程。 在婚姻缔结上，村人曾经一度出现娶妻难的困境，他们的解决办法是通过非常规途径从外界获得新娘。如果可以选择，峰村人还是偏好在本地娶妻。随着生活条件的改善，峰村人的嫁娶状况回归到传统的偏好，而择偶的范围和方式更加多元化。整体上峰村人对外来媳妇的认同与本地妇女的差别不大。除了外来媳妇在人数比例上占有一定优势以外，这还与峰村的客家人传统有关。妇女们的生活适应更多取决于她们自己的主观意愿。如果她们主动融入，并不会受到多少外力的阻挡。妇女在峰村的生活适应存在程度上的差异，这与她们的生活经历有关。 在日常生活中，峰村人的信仰实践还保持得比较好，整体上推崇循规蹈矩的传统。村人选择出外“做钱”和“在家”相结合的生活策略。虽然村中也出现个别道德失范的现象，绝大多数人不会因为生存的压力而付出感情和道德的代价。人们主要还是依照传统的“差序格局”区分亲疏和进行交往。个人主体性与传统力量相辅相成。目前来说，村落传统对村人价值观的影响还是要比外界的影响更为强大。在村庄秩序上，峰村具有一种内聚力较强的自洽性。这种自洽在一定程度上减慢了峰村在社会经济层面的发展进度。纵观峰村的发展历程，峰村曾经遭遇若干次被建构。这些建构多以追求经济发展为目的，往往不具有可持续性，对于村庄发展所能起到的作用显得比较乏力。但是，另一方面，在被建构过程中，峰村人逐渐培育了冷静对待外部建构的理性态度。他们更加认识到村庄本身自主性的重要。 分析结果表明：一、峰村比较普遍存在的捆绑式婚姻自有其稳定性，这与个人心态、能力、婚姻缔结与解体机制及村落情境相关。二、虽然峰村因为外来媳妇的身份符号而被改变了原来的文化身份，但仅限于象征意义。妇女对于峰村社会的建构意义主要还是体现在日常生活的践行中。在村落的父系家族制度下，妇女的力量更多地隐藏在她们的非正规角色中。三、峰村的被建构是一种基于非整体性的发展观上的不彻底的建构。在村落情境中，村人的发展诉求更多地体现在家庭和生活的层面。沿袭“社会工程”思维的发展措施往往只是能够给村庄带来暂时的经济收益而已。因此，这样的社会建构对于村落发展的作用，难以超越村落传统的文化和社会秩序对于村落生长既有的意义。...

【外文摘要】Feng Village is a traditional Hakka village which was previously unknown to the public in the northern part of Leizhou Pennisula, western Guangdong, China. In the 1990s, Feng Village was recognized as an Ethnic Minority Village by the government because of ethnic minority identities of those women marriage migrants in the village. With the help of a series reports of the local news media, Feng Village attracted the attention of the local society gradually.The village and its villagers benefited from that. But at the same time, the villagers have been lack of the awareness of “ethnic minority” in their daily lives, and there are only a limited number of ethnic minority women now. It's the Hakka social and cultural tradition that are maintained to keep the village order. A process of both social constructing and being constructed is embodied in that actually. Focusing on the situation of the village and based on the life world of villagers, the author tries to explore the following three issues by revealing the relevance of marriage system with regional characteristics to the social construction locally: 1, the mechanism for keeping family stability among binding marriages in a village context; 2, the life course of women who migrated by marriage in a rural area and its significance for the construction of the life world in the village; 3, the significance of social construction for the development of village. A participant observation study on the people's life world was conducted in the village through the perspectives of "history from below" and "narration of daily life". In this paper, after describing the ways to marriage and status of women's lives in Feng Village, the villagers' livelihoods and the spiritual world are portrayed to reveal the self-construction of the villagers.And then, Feng villagers' social structure is discussed. Moreover, the history and the present situation of being-constucted in Feng Village are reflected, and thereby a village in the whole is presented. The word "JU"comes from the native dialect. The primary meaning of the word refers to one kind of cooking methods by which food can be cooked in a closed container through steam. Extending senses of the word include: 1. "JU" in a positive sense means a slow progress of changing or adapting in self-consisitency, which emphasized the importance of a long time and a relatively closed space. Furthermore, if the object for "JU" is proper, the effect will be positive.2, "JU" in the negative sense stresses a restricted situation or a passive progress of transformation. Both senses of "JU" are represented in many facets of marriage and social construction in Feng Village: the identity and its construction of the whole village, the process of marriage, the life adaptation of those women marriage migrants, the villagers' livelihood and spiritual world, social structure and order of the village, the progress of being- constructed of the village. Looking at marriages in Feng Village, when being confronted with the difficulty of having a wife, people managed to get a bride from other places through unconventional channels. If there was a choice, every man preferred to marry a woman from the neighboring area.With living standards improving, the preference of marriage returns to the traditional style. The range and the mode of mate selection in Feng Village are diversified now. Immigrant women are viewed basically as the same as native women by the villagers. This has something to do with the Hakka tradition of Feng Village as well as immigrant women having an advantage in population. Women's adaptation to the village life rests with their own wills.If they integrate into the village life proactively, they are not prevented.There are several levels of life adaptation which are related to women's diverse experiences. In their everyday lives, Feng villagers are keeping a good habit of belief practice and they cherish the tradition of being conventionally moral and upright. As a popular family strategy in the village, going out to make money(“zuo qian”)is combined with staying at home(“zai jia”).Although a few problems of moral anomie have arisen, the majority of villagers will not pay moral or emotional price for relieving pressures from living.The rules of kinship and the “Pattern of Difference Sequence ” still work effectively in their daily activities.Individual subjectivity and traditional forces are inseparably interconnected.Nowadays, village traditions are still having a strong effect on people's values than extraneous forces.Public order in the village is self- consistent depending on their firm cohesive principles. However, as a result of that, the social and economic development has been hindered to a certain extent. Feng Village has experienced several times of being constructed over the years. Most of the time, the influences of those construction plans were not obvious because they were unsustainable and aimed at economic development only. However,during the process,the villagers have been trained to deal with social construction from outsiders with rational attitudes and made to be more aware of the importance of self independence. The analyzing results indicate: 1, the factors for the prevalence of binding marriage and its stability in Feng Vallage are related to personal mind-set and ability, marriage mechanism and village context; 2, despite the fact that Feng Village's original cultural identity has been changed because of identities of those women marriage migrants, it's only in a symbolic sense. For social construction of the village, the significance of women is mainly contained in their daily practices. In a patrilineal family system, women's more power is still underlying with their informal roles; 3, those non-integral social construction measures for Feng Village were based on an incomplete view of development. On the other hand, people's claim for developing chiefly lies in the two aspects as family and living in the context of village.Those social construction measures following Social Engineering thinking could only bring some ephemeral monetary returns for the village. For that reason, the significance of this kind of social construction could scarcely prevail over the existing significance of traditional social and cultural order for village development....